Mars is a cold desert world. It is half the diameter of Earth and has the same amount of dry land. Like Earth, Mars has seasons, polar ice caps, volcanoes, canyons and weather, but its atmosphere is too thin for liquid water to exist for long on the surface. There are signs of ancient floods on Mars, but evidence for water now exists mainly in icy soil and thin clouds.
Featured Mission: Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity
Curiosity, a robotic rover about the size of a small SUV, is designed to find whether the Red Planet ever was -- or is still today -- an environment suitable for life. The rover landed on Mars in August 2012. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Friday, 11 January 2013
The population of world
Updated July 11, 2012
The world population has grown tremendously over the past two thousand years. In 1999, the world population passed the six billion mark.
Latest official current world population estimate, for mid-year 2011, is estimated at 7,021,836,029.
The chart below shows past world population data back to the year one and future world population projections through the year 2083.
World Population Growth
| Year | Population |
| 1 | 200 million |
| 1000 | 275 million |
| 1500 | 450 million |
| 1650 | 500 million |
| 1750 | 700 million |
| 1804 | 1 billion |
| 1850 | 1.2 billion |
| 1900 | 1.6 billion |
| 1927 | 2 billion |
| 1950 | 2.55 billion |
| 1955 | 2.8 billion |
| 1960 | 3 billion |
| 1965 | 3.3 billion |
| 1970 | 3.7 billion |
| 1975 | 4 billion |
| 1980 | 4.5 billion |
| 1985 | 4.85 billion |
| 1990 | 5.3 billion |
| 1995 | 5.7 billion |
| 1999 | 6 billion |
| 2006 | 6.5 billion |
| 2009 | 6.8 billion |
| 2011 | 7 billion |
| 2025 | 8 billion |
| 2043 | 9 billion |
| 2083 | 10 billion |
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Nine Planets
This website is an overview of the history, mythology, and current scientific knowledge of the planets, moons and other objects in our solar system. Each page has our text and NASA's images, some have sounds and movies, most provide references to additional related information. In association with our friends at Solar System Scope we now have an interactive tour of the solar system (takes a while to load and opens in a new window)
All eight planets can be seen with a small telescope; or binoculars. And large observatories continue to provide much useful information. But the possibility of getting up close with interplanetary spacecraft has revolutionized planetary science. Very little of this site would have been possible without the space program.
Nevertheless, there's a lot that you can see with very modest equipment or even with just your own eyes. Past generations of people found beauty and a sense of wonder contemplating the night sky. Today's scientific knowledge further enhances and deepens that experience. And you can share in it by simply going out in the evening and looking up.
The IAU has changed the definition of "planet" so that Pluto no longer qualifies. There are now officially only eight planets in our solar system. Of course this change in terminology does not affect what's actually out there. In the end, it's not very important how we classify the various objects in our solar system. What is important is to learn about their physical nature and their histories.
Planet Order from the SunAlluvium
"Alluvial" redirects here. For the American racehorse, see Alluvial (horse). For the type of flow diagram, see Alluvial diagram.
Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against") is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock) soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting.[1][2] Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel. When this loose alluvial material is deposited or cemented into a lithological unit, or lithified, it would be called an alluvial deposit.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Definitions
The term "alluvium" is not typically used in situations where the formation of the sediment can clearly be attributed to another geologic process that is well described. This includes (but is not limited to): lake sediments (lacustrine), river sediments (fluvial), or glacially-derived sediments (glacial till). Sediments that are formed and/or deposited in a perennial stream or river are typically not referred to as alluvial.
[edit]Age
Most, if not all, alluvium is very young (Quaternary in age), and is often referred to as "cover" because these sediments obscure the underlying bedrock. Most sedimentary material that fills a basin ("basin fill") that is not lithified is typically lumped together in the term alluvial.
[edit]Ores
Alluvium can contain many valuable ores such as gold and platinum and a wide variety of gemstones. Such concentrations of valuable ores is termed aplacer deposit.
[edit]See also
Short essay on Alluvial Soils
The alluvial soils occupy about 15 lakh sq. km of area stretching from the river Satluj in the west to the Brahmaputra valley in the east.
They also occur in the valleys of Narmada and Tapi in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat; Mahanadi in Chhattisgarh and Orissa; Godavari in Andhra Pradesh; Krishna in Karanataka and Andhra Pradesh and Kaveri in Tamilnadu. Along the coast of Kerala these are called coastal alluvium and in the deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri as deltaic alluvium.
These soils are mainly derived from the debris brought down from the Himalayas or from the silt left out by the retreating sea. Their colour varies from light grey to ash grey and the texture is sandy to silty loam.
These soils are both well drained and poorly drained. At some places these have high textured sub soil while at other places the subsoil is low textured. These soils have an immature profile in undulating land while the flat lands have a more mature profile. The coastal allu vial soils are of tidal origin.
The two sub-types-(i) Alluvial loam, and (ii) Calcareous-clavey alluvial are identical with the low-lying younger, floodplain alluvium locally known as Khadar and the older alluvium seldom liable to inundation known as Bhangar respectively. "The Khadar occupies the rive rain flood plains of the rivers and is enriched by fresh silt deposits every year. Its alluvium is light coloured and poor in calcareous matter consisting of deposits of sand, silt, mud and clay" (Tiwari, 1984, p. 3).
A little of Khadar can be assigned to the Upper Pleistocene and most to the recent age (Krishnan, 1960, p. 574). The Bhangar lands are level plains above the normal flood limit. Here the alluvium is of dark colour (pale reddish brown) generally rich in concretions, and nodules impure calcium carbonate or Kankar (Mukerji, 1964, p. 100). In drier areas it also exhibits stretches of saline and alkaline efflorescences known as reh. The main constituent of Bhangar is clay while at places it gives way to loam and sandy loam (Shafi, 1968, p. 31). It also occupies the Pleistocene terrace dating back to middle and upper Pleistocene periods.
The depressions in Bhangar containing clay loam to clay (grey to dark grey in colour) are better suited to rice crops, while the rest is used for other crops. Bhangar soils require recurrent manuring to main tain their fertility. The Khadar soils, although rich in humus, yield only one crop during rabi season after the retreat of the floods.
Alluvial soils are rich in potash, phosphoric acid, lime and organic matter but deficient in nitro gen and humus contents. These soils are capable of fixing nitrogen very rapidly through leguminous crops. The percentage of phosphoric acid in the oven dry soil varies from 0.005 to 0.02; humus from 0.8 to 0.9; potash from 0.1 to 0.35; and lime less than 7.0.
These soils are well suited to irrigation which helps in raising a number of crops like rice, jute, sugarcane, wheat, cotton, maize, oil seeds, fruits and vegeta bles. These constitute the rice and wheat bowls of India and support large clusters of population.
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